In view of these contradictory results observed for milk consumption only, and knowing that since 2010 eight prospective studies have been newly published, we performed an updated meta-analysis in order to clarify reasons underlying these contradicting results, limiting the analysis to milk consumption, without inclusion of dairy products.Ī systematic search and quantitative analysis was planned, conducted and reported following PRISMA guidelines regarding meta-analysis of observational studies. The most recent meta-analysis found an overall SRR of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81–0.96) with an I 2 of 30% for dairy consumption and cardiovascular diseases. This heterogeneity in results is less present in meta-analyses for dairy products in general. Moreover the most adjusted relative risk for all-cause mortality was 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13–1.17) in women and 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01–1.04) in men, for an average milk consumption of 200 mL/d. In contrast, a large Swedish prospective study published in 2014 found that 200 mL/d of milk intake was associated with a relative risk for cardiovascular mortality of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.12–1.19) in women and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.03–1.07) in men. ĭespite the fat content of whole milk, a meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2011 found that the consumption of 200 mL/d of milk was associated with a statistically significant 6% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease (summary relative risk 0.94 95% CI: 0.89–0.99). Moreover, whole milk is rich in saturated and transfatty acids. According to the Canadian Dairy Information Centre, the mean per capita milk consumption in 2014 in the United States was 196 mL/d, in Europe 171 mL/d, with great heterogeneity in consumption ranging from 236 mL/d in Sweden, 171 mL/d in Italy to less than 60 mL/d in Bulgaria.ĭespite of its positive image, some nutritionists question the place of cow’s milk in human nutrition in view of its high energetic content, i.e., 83 kcal and 149 kcal for one cup non fat milk and whole milk, respectively. Such level of consumption is, however, rarely observed. In the United-States, the national dietary guidelines recommend that adults should drink three cups or 732 mL/d of milk. Milk consumption is recommended by many nutritional guidelines for meeting daily requirements for calcium, animal proteins and vitamin B12 intake.
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